Antimicrobial resistance is when a microbe evolves to become more or fully resistant to antimicrobials which previously could treat it. Antimicrobials include antibiotics, which kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. For more information, see Antimicrobial resistance.

Antimicrobial use in animals can contribute to the emergence of resistant bacteria that can be transferred to humans through the food chain or direct contact. This can reduce the effectiveness of antimicrobials for treating human disease.

The emerging and steady increase in the occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics has become a global public health threat due to the lack of therapeutic options to treat certain infections in humans. After being exposed to an antimicrobial substance repeatedly, microbes can undergo changes that stop them being killed or inactivated by the treatments.

To limit the development of resistance for the benefit of animal and public health, EMA is promoting the prudent use of antimicrobials in animals and is engaged in numerous activities to address the threat arising from the use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals.

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CVMP strategy on antimicrobials

Between 2021 and 2025, the CVMP is focusing on implementing the provisions of the Veterinary Medicines Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2019/6) that take forward the EU’s One Health Action Plan against antimicrobial resistance.

The CVMP's current and previous antimicrobial strategies can be found below:

For more information, see Veterinary Medicinal Products Regulation.

In line with the strategy, a guideline is available from the CVMP on the demonstration of efficacy for veterinary medicines containing antimicrobial substances.

This second revision of the guideline provides further information on the use of antimicrobials in animals that are at risk of being infected (methaphylactic use). It also clarifies the study requirements for antimicrobials that should be reserved for certain situations only:

Monitoring veterinary antimicrobial consumption

It is important to monitor antimicrobial consumption to identify possible risk factors that may lead to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals. Collecting accurate data on the use of these medicines is an essential first step in developing and monitoring policies on responsible use in the Member States.

More information:

The Agency previously led the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC) project, collecting information on how antimicrobials are used in animals across the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA).

The European database of sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents provides public access to the ESVAC project data on the sales of veterinary antimicrobials in Member States of the EU and EEA.

Analysis of antimicrobial consumption and resistance

EMA works closely with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) to analyse the potential relationship between the consumption of antimicrobials by humans and animals and the occurance of antimicrobial resistance. The agencies deliver their findings in joint inter-agency antimicrobial consumption and resistance analysis (JIACRA) reports.

Recommendations on the use of antibiotics in animals

EMA supports the European Commission's action plan against the rising threats from antimicrobial resistance by providing scientific input and advice on impacts of using antimicrobials in animals in partnership with other relevant EU bodies. This includes a joint opinion with EFSA on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry (also known as the 'RONAFA' opinion).

Earlier reports published jointly by EMA and European bodies including ECDC, EFSA and the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) have emphasised the need for the prudent use of antibiotics in animals and the role of basic hygiene, and called for strengthened surveillance of resistance, the development of new antimicrobials and new strategies to combat the spread of resistance:

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